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近年来，国家出台多项政策促进孤残儿童回归家庭，但政策效果并不理想，孤残儿童实际收养率仍然极低。文章基于理性选择理论视角，通过对B市儿童福利院的田野调查和14名收养关系人士及9名收养见证人士的半结构化访谈，系统分析了当前孤残儿童收养困境的形成机制。研究发现，困境主要源于三个方面理性选择的交织作用：家庭理性驱使收养人追求健康儿童以实现互惠最大化和压力最小化；官僚理性导致送养程序烦琐、部门推诿和工作边缘化；文化理性通过污名化与社会排斥强化了对孤残儿童的拒斥。三者共同构成孤残儿童难以回归家庭的结构性障碍。为此，应通过分级分流照护、优化收养程序、强化家庭支持、加强公众教育等综合措施，提升“有效收养率”，推动孤残儿童回归家庭政策的落实。
Abstract：In recent years, the state has introduced multiple policies to promote the return of disabled orphans to family care, yet policy outcomes have been unsatisfactory, while the actual adoption rate remaining extremely low. From the perspective of rational choice theory, this study systematically analyzes the formation mechanism of the current adoption dilemma faced by disabled orphans, drawing on fieldwork conducted at a child welfare institution in City B and the semi-structured interviews with 14 individuals involved in adoptive relationships and 9 adoption witnesses. The findings reveal that the dilemma primarily stems from the interplay of three dimensions of rational choice: familial rationality drives prospective adopters to select healthy children to maximize reciprocity and minimize pressure; bureaucratic rationality results in cumbersome adoption procedures, inter-departmental shirking of responsibility, and the marginalization of related work; cultural rationality reinforces the rejection of disabled orphans through stigmatization and social exclusion. Together, these three factors constitute structural barriers that hinder the reintegration of disabled orphans into family settings. Accordingly, this paper proposes integrated measures—such as implementing tiered and differentiated care models, streamlining adoption procedures, strengthening family support, and enhancing public education—to improve the “effective adoption rate” and advance the implementation of policies aiming at reintegrating disabled orphans into families.
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基本信息:
中图分类号:D632.1;D669.5
引用信息:
[1]李佳懿,蒋君宇,蒙艺.理性选择：孤残儿童收养困境、成因与对策研究[J].当代青年研究,2026,No.402(03):94-111.
基金信息:
重庆市社会科学规划项目（2024NDYB101）; 重庆市教育科学规划项目（K24YG2080339）
2026-05-20
2026-05-20